An Analysis of a Totalitarian Society Essay

â€Å"Totalitarianism: Of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, the individual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression is suppressed,† (dictionary.com). Essentially, totalitarianism is a type of government in which the person or people in power seek to maintain absolute control over every person under their authority, with virtually all importance eliminated from the concept of an individual. The term was characterized by Hannah Arendt, the German-American political theorist who wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism, inspired by Hitler and Stalin of the just-finished World War II and just-starting Cold War. Responding to the terrors of WWII that she experienced firsthand, Arendt describes the evils of totalitarianism as she saw them. George Orwell, an author living at the same time as Arendt, responded similarly to the widespread war and terrifying totalitarianism. In his 1984, Orwell creates a strictly totalitarian society, offering an alarming glimpse into a possible future. Orwell’s society shows every characteristic named above in the definition of totalitarianism, its government’s sole goal to maintain power. The society of 1984 functioned on the belief that control over the human mind is control over reality. As O’Brien, an important member of the Orwellian government referred to as the Party, says, â€Å"Reality is not external. Reality exists in the human mind, and nowhere else. Not in the individual mind, which can make mistakes, and in any case soon perishes; only in the mind of the Party, which is collective and immortal. Whatever the Party holds to be truth is truth. It is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party,† (205). The Party is not concerned with objective facts. They argue that reality can only become reality when it is believed; additionally, the believed reality is the only reality. When O’Brien tells Winston that 2 plus 2 equals five, Winston must believe it, for he is not permitted any other option. Expanding on that idea, the Party states, â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past,† (204). Only the present out of the three times is tangible, so the others do not really exist. And since reality exists only in the human mind, the Party has only to control the thoughts of that mind to control the  reality of past, present, and future. In their attempt to control the human mind, the Party seeks to eliminate all thoughtcrime, the crime of thinking anything against the infallible Big Brother, the intangible being by which everything is ordered. The act of thinking about committing a crime is, as Orwell describes it, â€Å"the essential crime that contained all others in itself,† (19). That action is considered by the Party the most horrible, for only with thought and a conscious decision to take action will any action be performed; without thoughtcrime, no crime would be committed. As such, the Party utilizes every possible method of eliminating thoughtcrime. Winston Smith, the main character in 1984, commits a thoughtcrime at the beginning of the book when he purchases a diary and in it writes, â€Å"Down with Big Brother,† (19). He then reflects on the inevitable consequences of his action: â€Å"Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same,† (19). The Party has the power to realize any committed thoughtcrime and to punish the criminal. Their ability to do so is even seen in the language; the English language is developed to satisfy the ideological needs of the society, creating Newspeak. One man says, † ‘Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it,† (46). Without fail, the Party maintains their control over all of the society. In order to follow the society conceived in 1984, a method of thinking is absolutely essential; the action of doublethink. Doublethink is a method of reality control; the Party’s ultimate goal in all their actions. As Orwell describes it, â€Å"Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them,† (176). It is the principle on which Ingsoc (the society of 1984) is founded. Ingsoc’s basic tenets are as follows: War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is Strength. It is possible to deliberately speak a lie while firmly believing in what one says- through doublethink. One’s memory can be  rearranged and memory altered- through doublethink. Though to our unenlightened minds these terms may seem to be contradictory, the process of doublethink eliminates all confusion. Clearly, these statements are far from oxymorons; rather, they are absolute truth. Doublethink allows for all of the society’s actions that would otherwise seem to be ridiculous; once again, the Party’s ultimate power is revealed. The Party’s absolute control is maintained through various methods, one such being the infliction of threats and pain. Every member of the society knows that once a thoughtcrime is committed, that criminal is taken by the Thought Police. When Winston is arrested, he is able to experience firsthand the punishment constructed by the Party. He is taken to the Ministry of Love- an instance of Newspeak’s use, the meaning of love is utterly reversed- where he is to be made sane. The Party fully believes in the importance and rightness of their actions, and O’Brien explains how their society is different: † ‘We are not content with negative obedience, nor even with the most abject submission. When finally you surrender to us, it must be of your own free will†¦Everyone is washed clean,’ † (210). Winston must fully surrender to O’Brien. It does not matter what he says, but rather what he believes, for in the mind lies the ultimate powe r. Describing the process enacted in the Ministry of Love, O’Brien says, † ‘There are three stages in your reintegration†¦There is learning, there is understanding, and there is acceptance,† (215). In order to attain the state desired by the Party, one deemed mentally deranged must undergo all three of these stages, as Winston eventually does. However, Winston initially is unable to truly believe everything said by the Party. He is able to say that he believes, and perhaps wants to believe, but doubt still remains. As the final push to belief, Winston is taken to the infamous Room 101. O’Brien tells Winston, † ‘The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world†¦[it]varies from individual to individual,’ † (233). The greatest possible torture is individualized, and with this torture, comes anything. In Room 101, one is forced to face his greatest fear. Out of his absolute terror, Winston betrays the one he vowed never to betray- Julia, the girl with whom he had a love affair. He finally realizes that love of a fellow common person like himself is futile; only the love of Big Brother is important. At the end of  the book, Orwell writes, â€Å"He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother,† (245). Ultimately, the absolute power of the Party allows Winston t o believe in everything that society does. Realizing the importance of the human mind, the Party not only threatens the society, but also channels the people’s potential into actions to benefit the Party. At all times, Oceania is at war with either Eurasia or Eastasia. It is not certain whether war actually exists, but the actual fact is not important, for reality exists only in the mind, and the Party tells us that a war is occurring. In doing so, the Party assures themselves of ultimate faithfulness from the society, for anyone to go against a society in wartime must surely be denounced as unpatriotic. Furthermore, the Party institutes the Hate Period: for two minutes every day, a film of Emmanuel Goldstein, the pronounced Enemy of the People, is shown, and the viewers driven to a frenzy. As Winston declares, â€Å"The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but that it was impossible to avoid joining in,† (12). By utilizing the power of the human mind, the Party is able to further their control over their society. The society created in Orwell’s 1984 was undoubtedly an effective society, but the qualities held by that society go against all principles which we now hold to be essential to life. We assume that we have the right to freedom of speech, and that our language cannot be corrupted, yet Orwell says, â€Å"Political language- and with variations this is ture of all political parties, from Conservatives to Anarchists- is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind,† (â€Å"Politics and the English Language†). We assume that we have the right to challenge anything, yet Orwell tells us, â€Å"Anyone who challenges the prevailing orthodoxy finds himself silenced with surprising effectiveness. A genuinely unfashionable opinion is almost never given a fair hearing.† Today, Orwell’s terms- Big Brother, doublethink, newspeak, and others- are heard when discussing our own government. Though 1984 is a fictious story written over 50 years ago, its message is still relevant today. We all must realize Orwell’s warning  that he sought to make clear over half a century ago- at any time, we all face a common danger; that of conforming; that of losing our individuality, our thoughts, and all qualities valued in humanity.

Detente – Was it successful?

However, the term D ©tenet simply means a loosening of tensions, which did happen ND therefore is it correct to say that it failed? D ©tenet certainly backed away from more incidents like the Cuban Missile Crisis happening once again, and cooperation increased between the powers significantly, therefore to a fairly large extent I don't agree that D ©tenet was a failure. The policy was often viewed as ‘soft' and it was criticized by many Americans because the aggressive Soviet Expansionism continued.On the other hand though, expansionism doesn't signify any failure, because D ©tenet was not a tool to stop communism from spreading like containment was, but a policy to reduce tensions, or this reason Soviet Expansion can't be seen as a factor for the failure' of D ©tenet to any extent. It was also viewed as a failure because not all of the policies worked, for instance the Helsinki Agreement of 1975 was an agreement based around human rights, it was completely dismissed by the USSR, who viewed it as a ‘scrap of paper and as a country they continued to suppress people.Moreover, other agreements had faults too, such as SALT 1 which failed to put caps on new advances of weapons and which only lasted for five years. To some extent these policies can be seen to have failed, yet despite these downfalls, as a whole we cannot view D ©tenet as a failure because there were positives to the policies, such as Increased communication which In turn reduced tensions – the alma of D ©tenet. Other people viewed D ©tenet as a failure because The Cold War continued afterwards; they wanted D ©tenet to end the war completely.Following the period of D ©tenet, the appointment of Ronald Reagan as president of America led to a period of the ‘Neo-cons', a group of people that hated communism and wanted to eliminate t. For this reason, the Cold War fired up again, and some people believe that because of this, the policy of D ©tenet was a failur e; however to a large extent this is untrue, because D ©tenet was never a promise to end the Cold War, and both the Americans and the Soviets were aware that it was not the end. D ©tenet was a promise to reduce tensions, which It did successfully to a great extent.On the other hand, when reviewing D ©tenet overall In relation to Its aim, It was incredibly successful. The policy of D ©tenet aimed to reduce tensions between the Missile Crisis, which put into perspective how easily the countries could destroy each other; MAD, mutually assured destruction was the name given to this realization. In terms of mutually assured destruction, d ©tenet was a positive thing; it increased communications for example through the use of the hotlist set up and these steps avoided further crisis.For this reason, D ©tenet was to no extent a failure. In addition, D ©tenet had other successes for both America and The Soviet Union. America were able to use D ©tenet as a tool to get out of Vietnam, which was positive n terms of its international relationships. Moreover, D ©tenet stopped the Soviet Union from feeling isolated by the relationship built up by China and America, which was positive because this in turn reduced tensions and increased communications – the overall aim.Finally, D ©tenet improved the economic situation in both America and The USSR after the arms race had taken it's toll, this was done by an increase in trade and technology across the iron curtain. All these factors were positive and the loosened tensions between the superpowers, therefore D ©tenet was without a doubt success in achieving its aim. In conclusion, it's obvious that D ©tenet did have many downfalls and for this reason many people instantly conclude that it was a failure.On the other hand, to a large extent D ©tenet achieved its purpose because many policies reduced the tension that was present. D ©tenet should not be seen to have failed due to the fact that the C old War continued, because that was not the intention of the policy. Overall, it's evident that d ©tenet was only a failure to a marginal extent because of the downfall of some of the agreements, yet to a significant extent, D ©tenet was a success.

So You Have a Criminal Justice Degree, Now What 2019

Considering a degree in Criminal Justice? You may be asking yourself, What can I do with a Criminal Justice Degree? The answer depends on what you, the student, finds most challenging and rewarding on the long list of possible career options that Criminal Justice graduates enjoy. While pursuing a degree in Criminal Justice, colleges and universities offer several different career majors for students pursuing a career in Criminal Justice. Careers in Criminal Justice have experienced considerable growth, especially since the introduction of science to the processing of crimes, and the recent growth in the threat of national and international terrorism. A Criminal Justice degree offers many focuses for the student and prepares students for careers in many arenas of Criminal Justice including Crime Scene Investigation, Paralegal Studies, and Legal Services and Court Processes, to name a few. Colleges and universities offer online programs at all levels, Bachelors in Criminal Justice, Masters in Criminal Justice, and PhD in Criminal Justice, with courses covering topics specific to the students major. .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28:active, .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u63dc5bdf74ace0eda18ca534bef8da28:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online RN to BSN Program Forensic Psychiatric Nurses Serve a Vital Role in the Criminal Justice SystemA Criminal Justice degree opens career paths to Law Enforcement, prosecution and defense, incarceration and rehabilitation, assessment and supervision of criminals, social work and social services, Corporate Law and security, Homeland Security, investigations, court reporting, juvenile justice facilities, parole services, and Crime Scene Forensics. Below are listed several career options graduates of Criminal Justice degrees pursue: Attorney Federal Bureau of Investigations Agent Border Patrol Agent Law Librarian Central Intelligence Agency Agent Legal Secretary Corrections Officer Paralegal Court Reporter Police Officer Crime Scene Technician Private Investigator Criminal Investigator Probation and Parole Officer Customs Agent Secret Service Agent Detective Sheriff Drug Enforcement Agent United States Marshall The specialty careers of Criminal Justice may require specific qualifications depending on the students career choice. For example, students pursuing a career in Law Enforcement or security must be physically and emotionally fit for the sometimes physically and emotionally grueling work of policing, with some employers requiring students seeking a career in Law Enforcement to attend Police Academy. Those pursuing a career in Crime Scene Investigations must possess the ability to stay emotionally stable during crisis since the processing of crime scenes can be disturbing and graphic. .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860:active, .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ua299ef3ad7feb4795dc0188e104fb860:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Earning a Bachelor's Degree in Paralegal StudiesCertain careers in the Criminal Justice field require that candidates meet specific educational requirements. Some Criminal Justice careers require education on the certification level only, while other require Bachelors, Masters, and even Doctorate degrees. The University of Phoenix offers a Bachelors of Science degree program that prepares students for careers in policing, criminal law, and corrections, including management skills. Additionally, Colorado Technical University offers online programs in Criminal Justice with majors in Crime Scene Investigation and Legal Studies and Court Processes. Students at Colorado Technical University learn how to process and preserve crime scene evidence, and prepare criminal cases for court. With so many colleges and uni versities answering in so many ways the question, What can I do with a Criminal Justice Degree?, the possibilities are endless. Related ArticlesCareer Opportunities With a Criminal Justice DegreeConsider Earning Your Criminal Justice Degree OnlineEarning a Criminal Justice Degree OnlineA Convenient Education In Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice Degree Graduates OnlineFind Law, Criminal Justice, Social Science Degree Programs .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07:active, .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07 { transition: ba ckground-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc591ff8b8a97eefd0d1683b351a19e07:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Local Small Business Administration Branches

Top College Essay Topic a Samples Guide!

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Theu.s. State Prison System - 965 Words

There are so many problem in the Unites State Prison system because of overcrowding. First I am going to talk about what cause the overcrowding in the Prison system. After that I will talk what are the affect we are facing now days for overcrowding in the prison system. Than what should we do to stop prison to get overcrowding and how is going to help out society. Now we going to talk about the reason why our prison is overcrowding in the United State. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) the first main reason is â€Å"war on drug† before they made this law the United State prison population was about a quarter amount than what is right now. They also showed that 70 to 75 percent of prisoner in the prison today because of the law for â€Å"war on drug†. So its mean most of the space in prison got covered by people who use drug not for something major issue. I think people who use drug besides putting them in the prison they should put them some r ehabilitation program to help them got out of their addiction on drug. So I think that’s how we could save some space and put those people who do really violent crime and deserve it. According to (â€Å"What Causes Overcrowding,† 2011) there are another reason for overcrowding is criminal offenders record indicator law. This law were made for to protect the privacy of people who have criminal record. For example when people come out from the jail or prison they still have the criminal record on hem even though they got out on the

Nursing Dependent on Medication

Question: Describe about the Report for Nursing of Dependent on Medication. Answer: The aim of the current paper is to examine my perception of how an aged person thinks and feels about the social he lives in. It about how my perception about an aged person life, thinking and activities have been shaped largely by the aged people that I have been in close contact with. Before I interviewed Mr. X, I thought that old people led quiet, inactive lives, were dependent on medication and there was an of helplessness around them. I had assumed that Mr. X (who wore a cheerful demeanour) would be sad that his children and grandchildren met him just once year because they lived in other countries. I expected most of his talk to be peppered by anecdotes from his old days in the army, about being lonely, and having to rely on medication, a failing eyesight, difficult to run errands particularly when he fractured a leg (I had noticed his leg in a cast a few months ago). Often old age is associated with being frail and weak. After my conversation with him I realised that though so me of my assumptions about aged people were true, Mr. X altered my thinking for good. The aged with positive thinking may live up to 7 years longer than their peers who tend to think negatively (Ng et al., 2016). In my perception before my meeting with Mr. X, I had always believed that the aged were frail people, who needed someone to care of them and were largely incapable of living alone in the community. The aged with a strong sense of positive perception reduces the threats associated with ageing. Such individuals are likely to have better memory than the aged who have negative perceptions about ageing and its impact on their lives (Fernandez-Ballesteros, Bustillos and Huici, 2015). To most questions of my interview, Mr. X's answers were the opposite of what I had expected. His attitude brimmed with positive thoughts. He agreed that he felt lonely at times and wished his children and him could meet more often. His wife, a diabetic was similar to him and both believed in ageing with a positive mindset. Though retired, his many hobbies kept him busy and physically agile. His association with a not-for-profit associated with war veterans gave him a feeling of immense satisfaction whenever he contributed to the cause of working for friends in the army. He played golf and helped his wife maintain a beautiful garden. His ailments did not worry him much. Mr. X practised tai chi. When probed about his life, the social and family support, he said he was happy and surrounded by people who cared for him. During the time when he suffered a fracture, his children took turns to help him and he said he felt he was a lucky father. The constant support that he enjoyed and the fact that all his needs were met helped him recover and he did not feel any mental strain during the period of recovery. Mr. X dispelled the belief that I held about the aged being grumpy and insecure, particularly when ill. Aged people satisfied with their quality of life are happy and content according to a study on their living conditions and outcomes (King et al., 2012, Ashe et al., 2015). Contrary to my impression of old people that I had seen since childhood, I always had an impression that they were frail, needed to be cared for, had diminished memory and a failing eyesight. Their statures were bent, and they had a desolate look in their eyes. Mr. X had dispelled some of my beliefs. He appeared strong, looked forward to meeting people, appeared happy, calm, busy, full of energy. The reason for his happiness stemmed from the fact that he was able to help war veterans, many of whom suffered from physical disability and mental problems. I noticed that was affable and easy to talk to, almost friendly, his eyes shone with kindness and he showed interest in answering my queries. I had not expected the interview to be a pleasurable communication. Another fact that I noticed was that Mr. X appeared rather alert for his age. Did tai chi practice have a role to play? Probably yes. Practice of tai chi has been known to improve cognitive function and mental agility. It is a mind-body exercise routine that incorporates choreographed movements that improve visuospatial processing. The practice of tai chi enables the elderly to remain agile through moderately aerobic activity. The positive impact on cognitive function occurs due to special neurophysiological pathways. The meditative component of tai chi reduces stress, anxiety and depression. When the exercises are performed in a group mood enhancement occurs and coping skills of the tai chi performing receive a boost (Wang et al., 2014 ; Wayne et al., 2014). Also, the attitude of the spouse towards keeping positive frame of mind affects the psychological well-being of a person. In Mr. X's case his positive attitude towards ageing and life in general was reciprocated by his wife. Their attitudes led to adoption of health promoting behaviours so that their overall quality of life was above average for their age (Momtaz et al., 2013). Optimism and having a spouse with an optimistic outlook can improve health outcomes of aged couples (Kim, Chopik and Smith, 2014). In conclusion, the interview with Mr. X altered my opinion of what it was to be able to live a contented life as a senior citizen. While I thought that the old live a decrepit life filled with insecurities and are largely dependent, Mr. X lived a busy, purposeful life. While he was reassured about help from his children, the interesting hobbies, a well adjusted social life, an optimistic spouse helped him to live n active life. His cognitive functions were above average and this could be attributed to the tai chi practice that he seldom missed. He could bond and communicate well with young people as well as his peers. His recovery from a leg fracture was not difficult because of his positive outlook towards life. References Ashe, M., Schiller, C., Franke, T., Belle, J., Sims-Gould, J. and Sale, J. (2015). Words of wisdom patient perspectives to guide recovery for older adults after hip fracture: aqualitative study.Patient Preference and Adherence, p.57. Fernndez-Ballesteros, R., Bustillos, A. and Huici, C. (2015). Positive Perception of Aging and Performance in a Memory Task: Compensating for Stereotype Threat?.Experimental Ageing Research, 41(4), pp.410-25. Kim, E., Chopik, W. and Smith, J. (2014). Are people healthier if their partners are more optimistic? The dyadic effect of optimism on health among older adults.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(6), pp.447-453. King, J., Yourman, L., Ahalt, C., Eng, C., Knight, S., Prez-Stable, E. and Smith, A. (2012). Quality of Life in Late-Life Disability: I Don't Feel Bitter Because I Am in a Wheelchair.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(3), pp.569-576. Momtaz, Y., Hamid, T., Masud, J., Haron, S. and Ibrahim, R. (2013). Dyadic effects of attitude toward aging on psychological well-being of older Malaysian couples: an actorpartner interdependence model.CIA, p.1413. Ng, R., Allore, H., Monin, J. and Levy, B. (2016). Retirement as Meaningful: Positive Retirement Stereotypes Associated with Longevity.Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), pp.69-85. Wang, F., Lee, E., Wu, T., Benson, H., Fricchione, G., Wang, W. and Yeung, A. (2014). The effects of tai chi on depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4):605-17(4), pp.605-17. Wayne, P., Walsh, J., Taylor-Piliae, R., Wells, R., Papp, K., Donovan, N. and Yeh, G. (2014). Effect of Tai Chi on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62(1), pp.25-39.

Presidential Election 2000 Essays - Hubert Humphrey, Elections

Presidential Election 2000 As generations pass, and times change, the people of the United States change as well. What may have been a major issue in the 1980 election might not even concern voters in 2000. Economic issues are continually changing with the times. Each election develops its own "personality." Despite agreeing on some issues, the four major [now just two] candidates in the upcoming 2000 presidential election hold different opinions on three major economic issues: tax reform, health care, and free trade/immigration. One of the most important issues of the 2000 presidential election is tax reform. This topic, possibly more than any other issue in the election, reflects the greatest disparity among candidates of the same party. Among the Democrats, Bill Bradley and Al Gore have contrasting ideas concerning tax reform. Perhaps the most educated candidate on this issue, Bradley is a former member of the Senate Finance Committee and one of the major contributors to the 1986 overhaul of the tax code. Bradley's position, made known in numerous debates, is that he is strongly against large tax cuts. The former senator believes that while the economy is doing well, the government should utilize tax revenues to improve schools, protect social security, and pass a national healthcare program instead of concentrating on tax reduction. Bradley recently told New York Times writer James Dao that he would veto the recently approved 792 billion dollar tax cut in "a nanosecond". The only specific tax cuts Bradley has proposed are tax breaks for health insurance payments. Concerning the budget surplus, Bradley seeks to direct most of the money to reducing child poverty as well as making health care more affordable for low-income families.1 Vice President Gore has established a position on tax reform different from that of Senator Bradley. The two candidates do share similar beliefs regarding the 792 billion dollar tax cut that Gore refers to as a "risky tax scheme." Gore has stated that, if elected president, he would implement a 200 to 300 billion dollar tax cut over the next 10 years. Gore seeks to allocate this money to reach specific goals such as expanded tax incentives, and education and retirement savings programs. Gore refers to his cut as"relatively modest," and claims his figures are more realistic than those of Republican George W. Bush. Gore however, claims that he would not hesitate to implement larger cuts in a economic slowdown but rules out tax increases in good economic times.2 Republican candidate George W. Bush presents a position on tax reform clearly different than that of either of the two democratic candidates. Much like that of the "typical Republican," Bush is calling for large tax cuts if he is elected to office. As Bush has often stated, "It's the people's money, not the governments." He has called for a 1.3 trillion dollar tax cut over the next ten years, a figure close to 4 times that of Vice President Gore. The centerpiece of Bush's tax cut is a gradual reduction in marginal tax rates, meaning everyone will be affected by his proposals. On this issue, Bush states, "if you're going to have a tax cut, everyone ought to have a tax cut."3 Offering a tax reform perspective somewhat different than that of Gore, Bradley and Bush, Republican candidate John McCain wants to implement a "flat tax," a reform that would replace the current progressive marginal rates with a single ?flat' tax. McCain claims that, in this way, the government will not be promising tax cuts from surpluses the economy might not produce in the future. In sum, McCain believes taxes should be flatter, lower, and more simple. He believes that a vast majority of Americans pay too much of their income on taxes. McCain believes his tax "pitch" is modest enough in size that it leaves funds left over from surplus tax revenues to deal with other needs of the economy. He claims this "balanced approach" is the key to tax reform in the 21st century.4 Another pivotal issue in the upcoming election is health care. Bill Bradley's health care plan calls for the replacement of Medicaid with 150 dollar vouchers per month. However, Bradley still sees problems with insufficient funding for AIDS/HIV patients. In addition to this change, Bradley feels strongly about not punishing the disabled for working. Under the current system, once disabled people begin working, they lose their federal health benefits. Bradley wants to make sure that, under his new plan, disabled people can work and still receive their needed health care.5 Unlike his fellow Democratic candidate,